Internet Security Essay Summary Example For Students

Web Security Essay Summary He doesnt wear a stocking veil over his face, and he doesnt break a window to get into your home. He doesnt hold a firearm to your head, nor does he strip your own belongings. Simply similar hes a criminal. Despite the fact that this cheat is one youll not just never see,but you may not understand immediately that hes ransacked you. The cheat is a PC programmer and he enters your home by means of your PC, getting to individual data, for example, Visa numbers which he could then use without your insight at any rate until you get that next financial record. RichardBernes, manager of the FBIs Hi-Techsquad in San Jose, California, considers the Internet the opened window in the internet through which hoodlums slither (Erickson 1). There is by all accounts a boundless potential for robbery of Mastercard numbers, bank explanations and other money related and individual data transmitted over the Internet. Its difficult to envision that anybody in todays mechanically situated world could work without PCs. PCs are connected to business PCs and monetary systems, and all are connected together by means of the Internet or different systems. In excess of a hundred million electronic messages travel through the internet consistently, and each snippet of data put away in a PC is helpless against assault (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). Yesterdays burglars have become todays PC programmers. They can leave a PC wrongdoing with a huge number of virtual dollars (as data they can utilize or sell for a colossal benefit). Leaving is exactly what they do. The National Computer Crimes Squad gauges that 85-97 % of the time, robbery of data from PCs isn't identified (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). Home PC clients are defenseless, not just for Mastercard data and login IDs, yet in addition their documents, plates, and other PC gear and information, which are liable to assault. Regardless of whether this data isn't secret, reproducing what has been demolished by a programmer can take days (Icove-Seger-VonStorch 1). William Cheswick, a system security authority at AT;T Bell Labs, says the home PCs that utilization the Internet are uniquely helpless against assault. The Internet resembles a vault with a screen entryway on the back, says Cheswick. I dont need jackhammers and nuclear bombs to get in when I can stroll in through the entryway (Quittner 44). The utilization of the Internet has gotten one of the most well known approaches to convey. Its simple, fun, and you dont need to leave your home to do it. For instance, the benefit of not counting on an opportunity to drive is extraordinary to the point that they never consider the way that the data they store or transmit probably won't be protected. Numerous PC security experts keep on standing up on how the absence of Internet security will bring about a noteworthy increment in PC misrepresentation, and simpler access to data recently thought to be private and classified (Regan 26). Gregory Regan, composing for Credit World, says that lone specific kinds of assignments and highlights can be performed safely. Electronic banking isn't one of them. I would not suggest performing business exchanges, he exhorts or sending private data across systems joined to the Internet (26). In the business world, PC security can be simply undermined. In excess of 33% of major U.S. partnerships detailed working together over the Internet up from 26 percent a year back yet a fourth of them state theyve endured endeavored break-ins and misfortunes, either in taken information or money (Denning 08A). Dr. Gregory E. Shannon, leader of InfoStructure Services and Technologies Inc., says the need to improve PC security is basic. There are recently discharged PC instruments expected to help keep the security of your PC data, yet which can simply be gotten to by PC programmers, as this data will be discharged as freeware (accessible, and free, to anybody) on the Internet (Cambridge 1). The se openly disseminated instruments could make it far simpler for programmers to break into frameworks. By and by, if a programmer is attempting to break into a framework, he needs to continue testing a system for shortcomings. After a short time, programmers will have the option to point one of these freeware instruments at a system and let it naturally test for security gaps, with no cooperation from themselves (Cambridge 1). Programmers, it appears, experience no difficulty remaining in front of the PC security specialists. Online specialist organizations, for example, America Online, CompuServe and Prodigy, are viable in giving extra insurance to PC data. Most importantly, you have to utilize a mystery secret key a client ID that is composed in when you sign on to the system. At that point you can just send data, and recover your own email, through your own client get to. In some cases the administration itself is even bolted out of certain data. CompuServe, for instance, with it s 800 or more private notice sheets, cannot peruse whats on them without increasing earlier authorization from the organization paying for the administration (Flanagan 34). Maybe trying to show how make sure about they are, these data administrations will give out almost no data about security itself. They all take measures to ensure private data, and give visit alerts to new clients about the peril in giving out a secret word, however there is likewise threat inmaking the administration simple to use for the overall population anything that is made simple enough for the fledgling PC client would not present a very remarkable test for a PC programmer. In any case, there is a sure measure of assurance in utilizing a specialist organization doing so is generally proportional to locking what may be an open entryway (Flanagan 34). .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .postImageUrl , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:hover , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:visited , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:active { border:0!important; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:active , .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a566 49ec4d473554 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uba46ee7e0333eb79a56649ec4d473554:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Saratoga EssayThe most recent shaky area that has been found is a defect in the World Wide Web. The Web is the quickest developing zone inside the Internet, the region where most home PC clients travel, as its alluring and simple to utilize. As per a warning gave on the Internet by a developer in Germany, there is a gap in the product that runs most Web locales (Quittner 44). This section point will give a gatecrasher access to all data, permitting him to do anything the proprietors of the site can do. System security master Cheswick brings up that a large portion of the Web locales use programming that puts them in danger. With increa singly more home PC utilizes setting up their own home pages and Web locales, this is only one all the more way a programmer can access individual data (Quittner 44). Credit agencies know about how budgetary data can be utilized or changed by PC programmers, which seriously affects their clients. Credits can be made with bogus data (acquired by the programmers from a clueless PC clients information base); and data can be changed for motivations behind misleading, provocation or even shakedown. These happen every day in the budgetary administrations industry, and the utilization of Internet has just confused how an association or private individual keeps data hidden, secret and, above all, right (Regan 26). All things considered, there are a few estimates that can be taken to help ensure your data. On the off chance that you utilize an infection security program before downloading any filesfrom the Internet, there is to a lesser degree a possibility a programmer can split your framework. Login passwords ought to be changed every now and again (record it so you dont overlook, however store it in a safe spot), and they ought to never contain words or names that are effectively speculated. It might be simpler for you to recollect your secret word on the off chance that you utilize your children name, however its additionally simpler for the programmer to identify

Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Research Paper

Settling on Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting - Research Paper Example As indicated by the exploration discoveries, it can, hence, be said that the interest bend, one of the lines on a gracefully and request chart; speaks to different degrees of customer interest for an item at various costs. The bend crosses the flexibly bend speaking to the balance cost where request and cost are all in balance. Utilizing request bend information, a business can figure out which estimating procedures to utilize. These procedures lead to pay gauges and set targets which demonstrate the significance of evaluating in an association and its capacity to be productive. In view of estimating supervisors of Dommino pizza can figure how much a client may purchase and the amount of the item will be purchased at a given timeframe. An association will move the creation of different items and administrations dependent on flexibly and request of these specific wares. Administrators should settle on basic choices to guarantee that they produce enough merchandise and enterprises to g uarantee that request doesn't superseding in such a case that this happens then there won't exist a market because of overproduction. Dommino pizza should, consequently, guarantee that it delivers a sensible number of pizzas that are sufficient for every one of its clients as per their requests. Thirdly, another significant choice for an organization is the dispersion of products. Channels of conveyance are exceptionally influenced by request whereby, where the interest for merchandise is high then directors ought to extemporize shorter, more straightforward and prudent channels. In instances of low interest for merchandise, chiefs should change the manner in which they disperse their products to those specific markets. At long last, request influences how an organization utilizes its talented work power. The interest for items directs the interest for specific ability or position in the work advertise. The general expense of employing talented work force influences who an organizat ion is happy to recruit.

33 Fun Tax Facts!

33 Fun Tax Facts! 33 Fun Tax Facts! 33 Fun Tax Facts!Now that we’re smack in the middle of tax season, it’s probably time to take a break, right? That’s why we reached out to a group of tax experts and asked them for some of their favorite tax-related facts, tips, and trivia.Fair warning: the list gets kind of weird. Enjoy!“The word “tax” comes from the Latin taxo, which means “I estimate.” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.The motto of American colonists who participated in the Boston Tea Party was “no taxation without representation!” Because residents of Washington DC lack voting representation in Congress, their unofficial motto is “taxation without representation.” Don’t believe us? Check the receipts license plates.Uncle Sam wants you to be healthy! If you quit smoking, you can write off any smoking cessation products or programs. Have a life-threatening medical condition like diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease? If a doctor signs off on it, you can write off diet/fitness products, classes, and programs. One person was able to write off the cost of their new pool because it was their form of exercise, as signed off by a doctor. However, if it was for recreational purposes, the IRS wouldnt accept it. â€" Ivy Chou, Content Director for DealsPlus.“Income tax didnt exist until the Civil War, in 1861, but the tax was actually disbanded in 1872 because it was deemed unconstitutional. It wasnt until 1913 when the constitution was changed, via the 16th amendment, that these taxes were again re-introduced.” Emilee Morehouse, SimpleKeep“There are more words in the tax code than there are in the Bible. The tax code is about 4 million words long.” â€" Marc Roche, Co-founder and CEO of Annuities HQ.“The first known taxes were in Sumer (Mesopotamia) almost 5,000 years ago. They were recorded on clay cones and paid in livestock.” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.The writing on the Rosetta Stone, a monumentally important artifact and the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, is mostly about taxes.“The IRS was created during World War II and that’s when the government starting withholding taxes from paychecks.” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.Al Capone was a famous Chicago mobster. He was eventually brought down by agents from the Treasury Department (this was pre-IRS) who were able to prove that he was avoiding income tax.“The IRS receives more than 130 million tax returns each year. Its surprising that theyre able to keep up! In 2016, Americans spent about 6.1 billion hours and $29.6 billion on tax preparation services and/or tax software like TurboTax and HR Block.” â€" Ivy Chou, Content Director for DealsPlus.“In the 1st century, the Roman emperor taxed urine. It was collected for the ammonia and use to launder garments and tan hides.” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.In 2011, the country of Romania was trying to pull itself out of a steep recession, decided to add a new profession to the country’s labor code, making it subject taxation. The profession? Witchcraft.“During the Great Depression, twelve states collected only fractions of a penny on sales of low-price items. For a product that only costs 10 cents, for example, the tax due was less than a penny. To avoid Americans being overcharged, in a time where that amount could be critical, tokens were generally used with some multiple of 1/10 of a cent.” Susan Petracco, Co-Founder of AccurateTax.comDouble amputees in Oregon get a $50 tax credit. Single amputees? They get bupkus.“The IRS has more people working for it than the Federal Bureau of Investigation!” â€" Marc Roche, Co-founder and CEO of Annuities HQ.So-called “sin taxes” are taxes on things like tobacco, gambling and alcohol. Their proper name is “excise taxes.”“Speaking of income tax, if we think taxes are bad now, we should take a gander back to WWII when tax levels rose to 94% for wealthy Americans. Talk about burning through your (very well padded) paychecks!” Emilee Morehouse, SimpleKeepUp until President Trump’s controversial decision to withhold his tax returns, every presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter had released theirs during the campaign.“Get creative with your business expenses. A businessman deducted the cost of beer, a stripper her breast implants, and a work-at-home business owner deducted the costs of his lawn care. If it benefits your business in any way, you can probably write it off.” Ivy Chou, Content Director for DealsPlus.“Here’s the story about the stripper who deducted her boob job and ended up in tax court. Her name was Cynthia Hess (aka “Chesty Love”) and she originally deducted the surgery as a medical expense as a medical expense. The IRS disallowed it because cosmetic surgery that isn’t to correct a disfigurement or for life-saving purposes is not deductible. The higher court allowed the expense but no t as a medical expense. They allowed it as a bona fide ordinary and necessary business expense.” â€" Bonnie Lee, E.A., Owner of  Taxpertise“In the 1600s and 1700s in England, there was a tax on the number of windows in a house. (This was repealed in the 1800s because people started to get sick from living in homes with a lack of air, due to having limited windows.)” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.“In England there is a tax on televisions. Color televisions are taxed more than black and white televisions, and if a blind person has a television they only have to pay half the tax. Truly bizarre!”  â€" Max Robinson, Jumpstart TaxSeveral European nations have a tax on cow flatulence. It’s actually very important because methane gas is one of the main greenhouse gases that causes climate change. But still: cow flatulence.“Over 1 million accountants are hired each year in America to help with taxes.” â€" Marc Roche, Co-founder and CEO of Annuities HQ .†œThe Russian Emperor Peter the Great taxed beards. (He wanted men to be clean shaven.)” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting.“New York City has the highest corporate income tax in the world.” â€" Marc Roche, Co-founder and CEO of Annuities HQ.Texas has a “Sexually-Oriented Business Fee” that charges strip clubs that serve alcohol $5-per-patron. Of course, it’s most commonly referred to by a different name: the pole tax. Revenue raised to the tax goes to health care and programs for victims of sexual assault.“One of the causes of the French Revolution was a salt tax (the gabelle).” Josh Zimmelman, owner of Westwood Tax Consulting .In 1982, Madison Square Garden was granted a 10-year property tax abatement. However, a clerical error led to the abatement being permanent. This has cost New York City approximately $200 million in tax revenue.“In an effort to keep citizens healthy, France imposed a soda tax on all carbonated soft drinks in 2012. Theyre no w about 3.5% more expensive than other drinks. But with all that wine, why would you even bother?” Emilee Morehouse, SimpleKeepIf you were going simply by tax documents, 7 million US children disappeared in 1987â€"the same year that the IRS started requiring that parents list their children’s Social Security numbers on their taxes.“Are you a drug dealer, thief, or corrupt official? The IRS wants to tax your dirty money, too. You can include your income on Form 1040, line 21, or on Schedule C or Schedule C-EZ (Form 1040) if youre self-employed. As part of the Fifth Amendment, you have no obligation to disclose where the money came from. Now the question is, how many thieves and drug dealers are honest enough to pay up?” Ivy Chou, Content Director for DealsPlus.In 1935, the US tax code’s highest income tax bracket (63 percent) applied to only one person: Nelson Rockefeller, who earned over $5 million the previous year.If you need help self-filing your own taxes in 2017, ch eck out our blog post: Ready, Set, Deduct! and our ebook Tax Season 101: An OppLoans Explainer eBook.About the Contributors:Ivy Chou,  Ivy Chou is the content director at DealsPlus.com, one of the most popular shopping, coupon, and deal sites on the web. As a self-proclaimed shopaholic, she loves sharing her coupon-ing expertise and money-saving tips with fellow shoppers.Bonnie Lee, For over 20 years, as the owner of Taxpertise and as an Enrolled Agent, Lee has represented taxpayers across the country in audits, offers in compromise, tax problem resolution, and non-filing issues. She specializes in resolving tax problems for independent contractors, the self-employed and small business owners.Emilee Morehouse,  is a marketing maven dedicated to finding fresh ways to bring people together â€" a fancy way of saying she’s obsessed with social media. With a BA in Journalism, she worked as Managing Editor for The Exploress, then joined the team at SimpleKeep; bringing the worlds of mar keting, small business and finance closer together. In her spare time you can find Emilee on Twitter, travel blogging, painting or exploring her home city of Seattle, WA.Susan Petracco, is Co-Founder of AccurateTax.com, where she manages partner integrations and development. With a background of fifteen years in e-commerce, she has worked with large brands including Talbots, Serta, and Avid, as well as many smaller retailers. This experience consulting for retailers brought the need for more advanced sales tax solutions to her attention, leading to the founding and subsequent growth of AccurateTax.Max Robinson  works for Jumpstart Tax, an RD tax claim provider based in Scotland. Jumpstart pride themselves on bringing a bit more personality to their work than other tax specialists, and believe that this is why theyve managed to establish such a loyal following.Marc Roche, is the Co-founder and CEO of Annuities HQ an online resource for information and rates on annuities and retiremen t planning. Working steadily in the financial services, online marketing and lead generation industry for over eight years, Marc has had literally thousands of conversations concerning annuities with prospective buyers and advisors.A forward-thinking entrepreneur and passionate family man, Josh Zimmelman graduated from Yeshiva University in 2003 with a degree in accounting. Josh launched his own launch his own firm Westwood Tax and Consulting  and has been quoted in the Wall Street Journal, Newsday, USA Today, The Huffington Post, and US News World Report.

Euthanasia The Second Death of Animals - 1000 Words

One of my friends is majoring in pet-beauty. Not only how to make animals beautiful, but what pet’s body structure looks like should be learnt for studying the subject. She said all of the sacrificed animals for anatomy classes are abandoned animals. This is because, according to her, once abandoned animals are sent to an animal shelter, they will be euthanized unless they are adopted in 10 days. Therefore, the interested parties generally accept the opinion that abandoned animals facing euthanasia had better be sacrificed for education, and the number of pets abandoned could effectively be reduced through this routine. As shown in this case, many people insist that euthanasia is the only realistic way able to curtail the number of lost animals. However, euthanasia of abandoned animals should be prohibited due to following reasons; there are several alternative ways able to decrease the number of homeless animals, euthanasia would raise other problems, and humankind has no rig ht to take animals’ lives. In the first place, there are several alternative ways able to solve the problems abandoned animals have caused. It costs 130,000 won to euthanize one animal; therefore people who are involved in this problem should come up with other ways to spend these expenses. To begin with, these costs can be expended in educating pet owners not to abandon their animals. One of the main reasons pet owners abandon their animals is that they consider misdemeanor as not serious. Therefore,Show MoreRelatedEuthanasia: Not Morally Acceptable Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing essay, I argue that euthanasia is not morally acceptable because it always involves killing, and undermines intrinsic value of human being. The moral basis on which euthanasia defends its position is contradictory and arbitrary in that its moral values represented in such terms as ‘mercy killing’, ‘dying with dignity’, ‘good death’ and ‘right for self-determination’ fail to justify taking one’s life. Introduction Among other moral issues, euthanasia emerged with modern medical advancementRead MoreEuthanasia Should Not Be Legal1683 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is derived from the Greek, â€Å"eu† meaning good, and â€Å"thanatos† translating to death, together the word makes â€Å"good death†. A person who is terminally ill often goes through excruciating pain and suffering. Ultimately, the right to euthanize a terminally ill patient should be legal across the nation because that person doesn’t see an end to their anguish, so they wish to turn to euthanasia. Euthanasia frees the patient’s body and mind, lets them die with dignity, and their loved ones don’tRead MoreEuthanasia: Should Be Illegal in All 50 States Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pagessituation and consequences of euthanasia. Euthanasia is the act of ending a human’s life by lethal injection or the stoppage of medication, or medical treatment. It has been denied by most of today†™s population and is illegal in the fifty states of the United States. Usually, those who undergo this treatment have a disease or an â€Å"unbearable† pain somewhere in the body or the mind. Since there are ways, other than ending life, to stop pain caused by illness or depression, euthanasia is immoral, a disgraceRead More Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia - No Human Life Should End by Unnatural Means873 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia: No Human Life Should End by Unnatural Means Euthanasia, the medical term for assisted suicide or mercy killing, is an issue still being debated almost a hundred years after a proposal to legalize it in Ohio. The medical community was in turmoil even before its legal proposition, unable to decide amongst themselves how to deal with the issue. The same arguments still rage today, though the public is more aware of the issue thanks to high-profile court cases, like the trial of DrRead MoreEuthanasi An Ethical And Logical Option952 Words   |  4 Pagesus really want to die, death itself is inevitable. So, what is the most important thing when it comes to someone who is terminally ill? Would you rather them prolong their lives at the cost of high medical care while their health deteriorates day after day, just to make them comfortable until they die as a result of their disease? Or, should we instead focus on the quality of one’s life, whose pain and suffering is a fate in which they consider worse than death? Euthanasia i s both an ethical andRead MoreEssay on The Right To Die1135 Words   |  5 Pagesextend the lives of many far beyond when they would have died in the past. Death, in modern times, often ensures a long and painful fall where one loses control both physically and emotionally. Some individuals embrace the time that modern technology buys them; while others find the loss of control overwhelming and frightening. They want their loved ones to remember them as they were not as they have become. Some even elect death to avoid burdens of lingering on. They also seek assistance in doing soRead More Euthanasia, why you should end your life in peace. Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia, why you should end your life in peace. Euthanasia. Resting in peace. Euthanasia is the process of peacefully ending the life of a terminally-ill person. This process should be legalised for people who have been suffering in pain for extensive periods of time. If a person wants to end their life with family and friends, they should be allowed to, rather then perhaps dying suddenly with no-one around. The issue of Euthanasia has been around for almost a century, when in 1906 theRead MoreA Report On Lady s Story956 Words   |  4 PagesHow many of you have pets that get out of your backyard? were you able to find him? Have you all seen a movie where a child is abducted and held for ransom? How would you feel if you called the animal shelter and they told you they wanted one hundred eighty dollars within twenty-four hours for storing your dog before you are able to get your him back, knowing you couldn’t afford this? What would you feel if the shelter euthanized your dog because you didn’t have the money in twenty-four hours? ThisRead MoreEuthanasia: Your Right Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagesmust make a choice. Euthanasia, one of the words associated with the end-of-life debate, means different things to different people. The word is loaded with historical and emotional connotations. The dictionary allows for much interpretation: The painless killing of a patient suffering from a painful and incurable disease, but stops well short of covering the always-changing practice of euthanasia. (Websters 1995). For example, not everyone that requests euthanasia today is a patient, orRead MoreEuthanasia: We Have the Right to Die Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is euthanasia? The dictionary defines euthanasia as the act of putting to death or allowing to die painlessly, a person or animal from a painful incurable disease. Euthanasia is also known as mercy killing. The word euthanasia comes from the Greek word eu- meaning good and the Greek word thanatos which means death. There are two types of euthanasia: active euthanasia and passive euthanasia. Active euthanasia is the practice of ending the li fe of a person painlessly. While passive euthanasia is the

Essay on Police Abuse of Discretion - 2738 Words

â€Å"But they didnt have to beat me this bad. I dont know what I did to be beat up. Rodney King, March 3, 1991. Police Brutality has been a long lasting problem in the United States since at least 1903 when police Captain Williams of the New York Police Department said the phrase, There is more law at the end of a policemans nightstick than in a decision of the Supreme Court. In the 1920s the Wichersham Commission had a number of instances of police brutality. Many of these included the use of the third degree (beating to obtain a confession). This is a very effective way to get a confession out of somebody. However, beating the accused could easily elicit a confession from a scared and innocent person. Also, this puts the†¦show more content†¦(LA Times March 19, 1991 p. A20). The level of escalation even went so far as to call in a police helicopter! (Ironically, the lights from the helicopter actually improved the lighting for the videotape.) The King beating brought com plaints from the Mayor of Los Angeles Tom Bradley and national attention from civil rights leaders. Many believed the beating was racially motivated and extended from a pattern of abusive behavior by police towards blacks. (McDonald 1991). This act of violent behavior from police officers has brought many questions to the national table, such as:  ·Is police brutality on the rise?  · Is the police hiding behind their badges?  · How does the public view police brutality?  · How can we raise public awareness? Is police brutality on the rise? This is an important question to ask ourselves and the police departments. A study in seventeen counties in Northern California indicated that in the past two years excessive force and neglect has resulted in at least seven deaths and fatal injury. (Saari, no date) In fact a nine-month period from August 26, 1996 to June 29, 1997 seven citizens died as a result of police brutality. Sonoma County California currently has the highest rate of custody deaths in the bay area (Saari). In many cases the situation (according to police accounts) has rapidly escalated to a point where police feel the need to use deadly force. Many of those committingShow MoreRelatedPolice Abuse Of Discretion And Discretion2015 Words   |  9 Pages Police Abuse of Discretion William Powell Jr. American Military University Professor Robert Arruda CMRJ303 Criminology January 17, 2014 Abstract Utilizing the research from several sources and personal experience, this paper will discuss police abuse of discretion. The paper will begin by defining discretion. The paper will examine several types of discretion variables. The paper will discuss its use in the field and office settings. The paper will discussRead MorePolice Discretion Is An Issue For American Policing1027 Words   |  5 PagesPolice discretion is an issue for American policing because how police use their discretion can greatly impact the public’s view on the police. First what police discretion is must be defined, â€Å"the leeway that officers enjoy in selecting from more than one choice in carrying out their work† (Mastrofski, 2004). This definition accurately sums up an ability the police use every single day that affects the public. The police can use discretion for almost any situation they encounter. There are manyRead MorePolice Discretion1244 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Police Discretion Jocelyn Golphin University of the District of Columbia Criminal Justice System 2/21/2014 Golphin 2 Police discretion is a very important approach in matters concerning criminal justice. There has been a consistent problem between enforcing the law and the spirit of the law. Discretion in the broader sense can be defined as the individual’s ability to make a decision basing on the principle of courses of the action. During trainingRead MorePolicing Styles, Watchman, And Service Style931 Words   |  4 Pagesequipment that a regular police officer carries so wearing plain clothes allows them to perform their jobs effectively. Lastly I do feel that a detective wearing plain clothes makes them a lot more approachable, than officers in uniform. Question 3 Discretion is defined as the decision making power given to law enforcement to decide whether to let an individual go with a warning or to make an arrest. According to Pepinsky (1984), states that discretion is used by police officers to make a choiceRead MoreEssay on Police Officer Discretion1068 Words   |  5 PagesDiscretion of a police officer is the subject I would like to tackle. In this paper I will discuss the issues I have with the discretion, the problems with these discretions I have, and how some officers may use discretion to their advantage. By the conclusion of the paper the reader will be educated on the subject of discretion and the issues facing it. Discretion is defined by Pollock (2010) as, â€Å"having the authority to choose between two or more courses of behavior. Law enforcement professionalsRead MoreEssay On Police Discretion1053 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Discretion is one of the many tool officers have a choice to use when making decision in enforcing the law. Officer have the option to use discretion were the officers see fit. They do not have to issue a citation or arrest in many cases a warning many be justified. Many of the outcomes could be determine by several factors which include the subjects attitude, the crime and the person past history. In some cases, a subject’s social status and financial status in the community have also haveRead MorePolice Discretion And Criminal Justice1274 Words   |  6 PagesPolice discretion is a unclear term that has an appropriately vague explanation. It is stated as the decision-making ability given to police officers that permits them to determine if they want to en gage in police procedure or just let someone go with a word of warning. How it seems in drill is altered from situation to situation. Police discretion is a extremely essential aspect in acts relating criminal justice. There has been a daily predicament regarding the enforcement of the law. DiscretionRead MoreScales of Justice Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagesboth sides. This principle, called judicial discretion, has helped weigh down the standard system of the scales of justice. Because of these judges, many people perceive the judicial system as â€Å"tilted† and do not appreciate the many judges who obey their own laws. Many kinds of judicial discretion exist, but there are a few styles that overpower the others in disgust from members of the community. Countless versions and cases of judicial discretion have emerged over the years of the judicial systemRead MorePolice Discretion1418 Words   |  6 PagesPolice discretion by definition is the power to make decisions of policy and practice. Police have the choice to enforce certain laws and how they will be enforced. Some law is always or almost always enforced, some is never or almost never enforced, and some is sometimes enforced and sometimes not (Davis, p.1). Similarly with discretion is that the law may not cover every situation a police officer encounters, so they must use their discretion wisely. Until 1956, people thought of police discretionRead More Police Discretion Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Discretion Police discretion by definition is the power to make decisions of policy and practice. Police have the choice to enforce certain laws and how they will be enforced. â€Å"Some law is always or almost always enforced, some is never or almost never enforced, and some is sometimes enforced and sometimes not† (Davis, p.1). Similarly with discretion is that the law may not cover every situation a police officer encounters, so they must use their discretion wisely. Until 1956, people

Part Three Chapter V Free Essays

string(336) " He ran at her and hit her in the face, exactly as he had wanted to when he had first seen her silly frightened expression; her glasses spun into the air and smashed against the bookcase; he hit her again and she crashed down onto the computer table she had bought so proudly with her first month’s wages from South West General\." V Ruth stood alone in her lamp-lit sitting room, continuing to grip the telephone she had just replaced in its cradle. Hilltop House was small and compact. It was always easy to tell the location of each of the four Prices, because voices, footfalls and the sounds of doors opening and shutting carried so effectively in the old house. We will write a custom essay sample on Part Three Chapter V or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ruth knew that her husband was still in the shower, because she could hear the hot water boiler under the stairs hissing and clanking. She had waited for Simon to turn on the water before telephoning Shirley, worried that he might think that even her request about the EpiPen was fraternizing with the enemy. The family PC was set up in a corner of the sitting room, where Simon could keep an eye on it, and make sure nobody was running up large bills behind his back. Ruth relinquished her grip on the phone and hurried to the keyboard. It seemed to take a very long time to bring up the Pagford Council website. Ruth pushed her reading glasses up her nose with a trembling hand as she scanned the various pages. At last she found the message board. Her husband’s name blazed out at her, in ghastly black and white: Simon Price Unfit to Stand for Council. She double-clicked the title, brought up the full paragraph and read it. Everything around her seemed to reel and spin. ‘Oh God,’ she whispered. The boiler had stopped clanking. Simon would be putting on the pyjamas he had warmed on the radiator. He had already drawn the sitting-room curtains, turned on the side lamps and lit the wood-burner, so that he could come down and stretch out on the sofa to watch the news. Ruth knew that she would have to tell him. Not doing so, letting him find out for himself, was simply not an option; she would have been incapable of keeping it to herself. She felt terrified and guilty, though she did not know why. She heard him jogging down the stairs and then he appeared at the door in his blue brushed-cotton pyjamas. ‘Si,’ she whispered. ‘What’s the matter?’ he said, immediately irritated. He knew that something had happened; that his luxurious programme of sofa, fire and news was about to be disarranged. She pointed at the computer monitor, one hand pressed foolishly over her mouth, like a little girl. Her terror infected him. He strode to the PC and scowled down at the screen. He was not a quick reader. He read every word, every line, painstakingly, carefully. When he had finished, he remained quite still, passing for review, in his mind, all the likely grasses. He thought of the gum-chewing forklift driver, whom he had left stranded in the Fields when they had picked up the new computer. He thought of Jim and Tommy, who did the cash-in-hand jobs on the sly with him. Someone from work must have talked. Rage and fear collided inside him and set off a combustive reaction. He strode to the foot of the stairs and shouted, ‘You two! Get down here NOW!’ Ruth still had her hand over her mouth. He had a sadistic urge to slap her hand away, to tell her to fucking pull herself together, it was he who was in the shit. Andrew entered the room first with Paul behind him. Andrew saw the arms of Pagford Parish Council onscreen, and his mother with her hand over her mouth. Walking barefoot across the old carpet, he had the sensation that he was plummeting through the air in a broken lift. ‘Someone,’ said Simon, glaring at his sons, ‘has talked about things I’ve mentioned inside this house.’ Paul had brought his chemistry exercise book downstairs with him; he was holding it like a hymnal. Andrew kept his gaze fixed on his father, trying to project an expression of mingled confusion and curiosity. ‘Who’s told other people we’ve got a stolen computer?’ asked Simon. ‘I haven’t,’ said Andrew. Paul stared at his father blankly, trying to process the question. Andrew willed his brother to speak. Why did he have to be so slow? ‘Well?’ Simon snarled at Paul. ‘I don’t think I – ‘ ‘You don’t think? You don’t think you told anyone?’ ‘No, I don’t think I told any – ‘ ‘Oh, this is interesting,’ said Simon, pacing up and down in front of Paul. ‘This is interesting.’ With a slap he sent Paul’s exercise book flying out of his hands. ‘Try and think, dipshit,’ he growled. ‘Try and fucking think. Did you tell anyone we’ve got a stolen computer?’ ‘Not stolen,’ said Paul. ‘I never told anyone – I don’t think I told anyone we had a new one, even.’ ‘I see,’ said Simon. ‘So the news got out by magic then, did it?’ He was pointing at the computer monitor. ‘Someone’s fucking talked!’ he yelled, ‘because it’s on the fucking internet! And I’ll be fucking lucky not – to – lose – my – job!’ On each of the five last words he thumped Paul on the head with his fist. Paul cowered and ducked; black liquid trickled from his left nostril; he suffered nosebleeds several times a week. ‘And what about you?’ Simon roared at his wife, who was still frozen beside the computer, her eyes wide behind her glasses, her hand clamped like a yashmak over her mouth. ‘Have you been fucking gossiping?’ Ruth ungagged herself. ‘No, Si,’ she whispered, ‘I mean, the only person I told we had a new computer was Shirley – and she’d never – ‘ You stupid woman, you stupid fucking woman, what did you have to tell him that for? ‘You did what?’ asked Simon quietly. ‘I told Shirley,’ whimpered Ruth. ‘I didn’t say it was stolen, though, Si. I only said you were bringing it home – ‘ ‘Well, that’s fucking it then, isn’t it?’ roared Simon; his voice became a scream. ‘Her fucking son’s standing for election, of course she wants to get the fucking goods on me!’ ‘But she’s the one who told me, Si, just now, she wouldn’t have – ‘ He ran at her and hit her in the face, exactly as he had wanted to when he had first seen her silly frightened expression; her glasses spun into the air and smashed against the bookcase; he hit her again and she crashed down onto the computer table she had bought so proudly with her first month’s wages from South West General. Andrew had made himself a promise: he seemed to move in slow motion, and everything was cold and clammy and slightly unreal. ‘Don’t hit her,’ he said, forcing himself between his parents. ‘Don’t – ‘ His lip split against his front tooth, Simon’s knuckle behind it, and he fell backwards on top of his mother, who was draped over the keyboard; Simon threw another punch, which hit Andew’s arms as he protected his face; Andrew was trying to get off his slumped, struggling mother, and Simon was in a frenzy, pummelling both of them wherever he could reach – ‘Don’t you fucking dare tell me what to do – don’t you dare, you cowardly little shit, you spotty streak of piss – ‘ Andrew dropped to his knees to get out of the way, and Simon kicked him in the ribs. Andrew heard Paul say pathetically, ‘Stop it!’ Simon’s foot swung for Andrew’s ribcage again, but Andrew dodged it; Simon’s toes collided with the brick fireplace and he was suddenly, absurdly, howling in pain. Andrew scrambled out of the way; Simon was gripping the end of his foot, hopping on the spot and swearing in a high-pitched voice; Ruth had collapsed into the swivel chair, sobbing into her hands. Andrew got to his feet; he could taste his own blood. ‘Anyone could have talked about that computer,’ he panted, braced for further violence; he felt braver now that it had begun, now that the fight was really on; it was waiting that told on your nerves, watching Simon’s jaw begin to jut, and hearing the urge for violence building in his voice. ‘You told us a security guard got beaten up. Anyone could have talked. It’s not us – ‘ ‘Don’t you – fucking little shit – I’ve broken my fucking toe!’ Simon gasped, falling backwards into an armchair, still nursing his foot. He seemed to expect sympathy. Andrew imagined picking up a gun and shooting Simon in the face, watching his features blast apart, his brains spattering the room. ‘And Pauline’s got her fucking period again!’ Simon yelled at Paul, who was trying to contain the blood dripping through his fingers from his nose. ‘Get off the carpet! Get off the fucking carpet, you little pansy!’ Paul scuttled out of the room. Andrew pressed the hem of his T-shirt to his stinging mouth. ‘What about all the cash-in-hand jobs?’ Ruth sobbed, her cheek pink from his punch, tears dripping from her chin. Andrew hated to see her humiliated and pathetic like this; but he half hated her too for landing herself in it, when any idiot could have seen †¦ ‘It says about the cash-in-hand jobs. Shirley doesn’t know about them, how could she? Someone at the printworks has put that on there. I told you, Si, I told you you shouldn’t do those jobs, they’ve always worried the living daylights out of – ‘ ‘Fucking shut up, you whining cow, you didn’t mind spending the money!’ yelled Simon, his jaw jutting again; and Andrew wanted to roar at his mother to stay silent: she blabbed when any idiot could have told her she should keep quiet, and she kept quiet when she might have done good by speaking out; she never learned, she never saw any of it coming. Nobody spoke for a minute. Ruth dabbed at her eyes with the back of her hand and sniffed intermittently. Simon clutched his toe, his jaw clenched, breathing loudly. Andrew licked the blood from his stinging lip, which he could feel swelling. ‘This’ll cost me my fucking job,’ said Simon, staring wild-eyed around the room, as if there might be somebody there he had forgotten to hit. ‘They’re already talking about fucking redundancies. This’ll be it. This’ll – ‘ He slapped the lamp off the end table, but it didn’t break, merely rolled on the floor. He picked it up, tugged the lead out of the wall socket, raised it over his head and threw it at Andrew, who dodged. ‘Who’s fucking talked?’ Simon yelled, as the lamp base broke apart on the wall. ‘Someone’s fucking talked!’ ‘It’s some bastard at the printworks, isn’t it?’ Andrew shouted back; his lip was thick and throbbing; it felt like a tangerine segment. ‘D’you think we’d have – d’you think we don’t know how to keep our mouths shut by now?’ It was like trying to read a wild animal. He could see the muscles working in his father’s jaw, but he could tell that Simon was considering Andrew’s words. ‘When was that put on there?’ he roared at Ruth. ‘Look at it! What’s the date on it?’ Still sobbing, she peered at the screen, needing to approach the tip of her nose within two inches of it, now that her glasses were broken. ‘The fifteenth,’ she whispered. ‘Fifteenth †¦ Sunday,’ said Simon. ‘Sunday, wasn’t it?’ Neither Andrew nor Ruth put him right. Andrew could not believe his luck; nor did he believe it would hold. ‘Sunday,’ said Simon, ‘so anyone could’ve – my fucking toe,’ he yelled, as he pulled himself up and limped exaggeratedly towards Ruth. ‘Get out of my way!’ She hastened out of the chair and watched him read the paragraph through again. He kept snorting like an animal to clear his airways. Andrew thought that he might be able to garrotte his father as he sat there, if only there was a wire to hand. ‘Someone’s got all this from work,’ said Simon, as if he had just reached this conclusion, and had not heard his wife or son urging the hypothesis on him. He placed his hands on the keyboard and turned to Andrew. ‘How do I get rid of it?’ ‘What?’ ‘You do fucking computing! How do I get this off here?’ ‘You can’t get – you can’t,’ said Andrew. ‘You’d need to be the administrator.’ ‘Make yourself the administrator, then,’ said Simon, jumping up and pointing Andrew into the swivel chair. ‘I can’t make myself the administrator,’ said Andrew. He was afraid that Simon was working himself up into a second bout of violence. ‘You need to input the right user name and passwords.’ ‘You’re a real fucking waste of space, aren’t you?’ Simon shoved Andrew in the middle of his sternum as he limped past, knocking him back into the mantelpiece. ‘Pass me the phone!’ Simon shouted at his wife, as he sat back down in the armchair. Ruth took the telephone and carried it the few feet to Simon. He ripped it out of her hands and punched in a number. Andrew and Ruth waited in silence as Simon called, first Jim, and then Tommy, the men with whom he had completed the after-hours jobs at the printworks. Simon’s fury, his suspicion of his own accomplices, was funnelled down the telephone in curt short sentences full of swearwords. Paul had not returned. Perhaps he was still trying to staunch his bleeding nose, but more likely he was too scared. Andrew thought his brother unwise. It was safest to leave only after Simon had given you permission. His calls completed, Simon held out the telephone to Ruth without speaking; she took it and hurried it back into its stand. Simon sat thinking while his fractured toe pulsated, sweating in the heat of the wood-burner, awash with impotent fury. The beating to which he had subjected his wife and son was nothing, he did not give them a thought; a terrible thing had just happened to him, and naturally his rage had exploded on those nearest him; that was how life worked. In any case, Ruth, the silly bitch, had admitted to telling Shirley †¦ Simon was building his own chain of evidence, as he thought things must have happened. Some fucker (and he suspected that gum-chewing forklift driver, whose expression, as Simon had sped away from him in the Fields, had been outraged) talking about him to the Mollisons (somehow, illogically, Ruth’s admission that she had mentioned the computer to Shirley made this seem more likely), and they (the Mollisons, the establishment, the smooth and the snide, guarding their access to power) had put up this message on their website (Shirley, the old cow, managed the site, which set the seal on the theory). ‘It’s your fucking friend,’ Simon told his wet-faced, trembling-lipped wife. ‘It’s your fucking Shirley. She’s done this. She’s got some dirt on me to get me off her son’s case. That’s who it is.’ ‘But Si – ‘ Shut up, shut up, you silly cow, thought Andrew. ‘Still on her side, are you?’ roared Simon, making to stand again. ‘No!’ squealed Ruth, and he sank back into the chair, glad to keep the weight off his pounding foot. The Harcourt-Walsh management would not be happy about those after-hours jobs, Simon thought. He wouldn’t put it past the bloody police to come nosing around the computer. A desire for urgent action filled him. ‘You,’ he said, pointing at Andrew. ‘Unplug that computer. All of it, the leads and everything. You’re coming with me.’ How to cite Part Three Chapter V, Essay examples

Issue In Institutional Racism Essay Example For Students

Issue In Institutional Racism Essay The history of the United States is one of duality. In the words ofthe Declaration of Independence, our nation was founded on theprinciples of equality in life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Yet, long before the founders of the newly declared state met inPhiladelphia to espouse the virtues of self-determination and freedomthat would dubiously provide a basis for a secessionary war, those samevirtues were trampled upon and swept away with little regard. Beneaththe shining beacon of freedom that signaled the formation of the UnitedStates of America was a shadow of deception and duplicity that wasessential in creating the state. The HSS 280 class lexicon definesduality as a social system that results from a worldview which acceptsinherent contradictions as reasonable because this is to the believersbenefit. The early years of what would become the United States wascharacterized by a system of duality that subjugated and exterminatedpeoples for the benefit of the oppressors. This pattern of duality,interwoven into our culture, has created an dangerously racializedsociety. From the first moment a colonist landed on these shores,truths that were self-evident were contingent on subjectiveinterpretation. This discretionary application of rights and freedomsis the foundation upon which our racially stratified system operateson. English colonists, Africans, and Native Americans comprised the earlyclash of three peoples. Essentially economic interests, and namelycapitalism, provided the impetus for the relationships that developedbetween the English colonists, the Africans, and the Native Americans. The colonialization of North American by the British was essentially aneconomic crusade. The emergence of capitalism and the rise of tradethroughout the 16th century provided the British with a blueprint toexpand its economic and political sphere. The Americas provided theBritish with extensive natural resources, resources that theagrarian-unfriendly British isles could not supply for its growingempire. When Britons arrived in North America, the indigenous population posedan economic dilemma to the colonists. The Native Americans were settledon the land that the British colonists needed to expand their economiccapacity. To provide a justificatory framework for the expulsion ofNative Americans off their land, the English colonists created aideology that suited their current needs. The attitude of Anglos toward the Native Americans began as one ofambivalence and reliance. When the English first arrived in NorthAmerica, they needed the Indians to survive the unfamiliar land andharsh weather. Once the English became acclimated to their surroundingsand realized that the Indians were living on valuable land, it was onlya matter of time before guns and shackles replaced treaties andhandshakes. In the name of Christianity and capitalism, the English colonistsquickly turned their backs on the short lived missionary zeal thatcharacterized the early colonial period. Now, the savage Indians wereviewed as unable to save themselves and extermination would be a worthyenterprise in the sight of the Lord. The idea that one possesses aGod-given right to mistreat others runs through much of Western cultureand became especially acute in North America after the emergence ofcapitalism. For example, in New England many settlers rejoiced at the extraordinarydeath brought upon the Native American population by the introduction ofepidemic diseases. It was viewed as a way of thinning out thepopulation. In the world of the New Jerusalem, where a city was to bebuild upon a hill, such trite concerns were of little consequence forthose with divine providence. Duality, and its means of placing the truth and its allied freedoms inthe hands of the powerful, furnishes the chosen ones with widelatitude to create theoretical arguments that justify and perpetuatesystemic arrangements of inequality. John Winthrop outlined hisreasoning for the British right to North American land in terms ofnatural rights versus civil rights. Natural rights were those that menenjoyed in a state of nature (i.e. Native Americans). When some menbegan to parcel land and use tilled farming, they acquired civil rights(English colonists). Inevitably, civil rights took precedence overnatural rights. This method of thinking enabled privilege to theEnglish and provided a justification for the institutional and systemicextermination of the indigenous people (Growth 83). Before addressing the subjugation of African-Americans by the English,I think it is important that I make an important theoretical point in myargument. All political systems are rational, in the sense that thereis a logic and a thinking that guides those making the rules. Whitesupremacy and its associated beliefs (Christianity, patriarchalism, etc)provided the rationale for the creation of a system of duality that institutionalized racism. Robert Smith writes about the inherentcontradiction of espousing the self-evident equality of men and theirGod-given right to liberty while at the same time sanctioning genocideand slavery (Smith 8). The only way this incongruity could be remediedwas to deny the fundamental humanity of those being oppressed.Thatnegation of one group humanity by another is the crux of duality and aprinciple tenet of all forms of oppression and subjugation. Toobjectify a group of people provides an oppressor with a recourse forthe actions one takes. In the case of th e United States, subjugatedgroups are often reduced to a stereotype that is not based in fact: Native Americans were wild savages; Africans were lascivious, lewdbeings that engaged in bestiality with apes; Asians were sneaky,mysterious and not to be trusted. What is important is the stereotypefit an institutional definition that allows the group to be oppressedwithout self-reflection about ones perverse actions. Professor Turnermentioned in class the Sarte quote, To be a stone, you must make allaround you stone. And to act as a savage, one must make those aroundoneself savages. Yahweh is salvation EssayBakke was the last definitive statement the Supreme Court has made onaffirmative action in an educational setting. It allowed race to be afactor in admissions to universities and colleges but forbid the use ofquotas. In response to those that argued that the Constitution shouldbe color-blind, Thurogood Marshall wrote in the Bakke decision, thatfor several hundred years Negroes have been discriminated against notas individual, but rather solely because of the color of their skins. While interpretation is widespread and diverse on what that decisionactually meant, it has generally been interpreted as accepting theprevalence of institutional racism. Justice Blackmun stated in hisopinion that to overcome racism it may be necessary to take into accountrace, not in order to subjugate a race but for the purpose of endingsubjugation (Smith 158). So the question I would like to address is the furor over so-calledreverse racism brought on by affirmative actions programs. Aconservative argument against these programs states that any programthat addresses race is racist in nature. But the basic equationProfessor Turner outlined in dealing with racism was:Power + Privilege + Prejudice = Racism. Preconditions for racism include the ability to define the requirementsof participation and the power to subordinate a certain disadvantagedgroup. In this academic framework, it is absurd to consider affirmativeactions that seek to increase participation of African-American andother disadvantaged minorities in education racist because of the natureof the power and of the privilege relationships involved in thesepolicies. Unfortunately, the individual view of racism, defined innarrow personal terms, has come to dominate the public debate. Nolonger are politicians and the courts willing to address theinstitutional basis of racism. This brings me to the final point of thepaper: Should public policy be color blind in a race conscious society?In The Truly Disadvantaged, William Julius Wilson brought to theforefront the crisis of the underclass. Robert Smith critiques Wilsonfor his lack of recognition of racism as a factor in perpetuating anunderclass. Placing the blame for poverty and the underclass oneconomic causes, Wilson supports universal policy initiatives. But thisdoes not address the fact that African-American poverty is more severethan white poverty. And most importantly it does not address thestructure of racism and, consequently, of poverty. Institutional racismis a problem that lies at the heart of the African-American underclass. In the American Dilemma , Gunner Myrdal defined the cumulative nature ofdiscrimination, where discrimination in one area can result indiscrimination in another and then another, creating what is commonlycalled the vicious cycle (Smith 160). Specific programs are needed totry to break this cycle. A recent Cornell Review article, addressingaffirmative action in the California school system, stated thatAfrican-American students were admitted to the universities with anaverage SAT score of 300 points below what the average white, acceptedstudent achieved. While this article attacked affirmative actionpolicies as unfair to white app licants, I think as a society we need toaddress the question of why there is a 300 point gap between the twogroups. In Myrdals framework, it makes perfect sense to attack a linkin the cycle, by providing an educational opportunity that will paydividends in the long run. In a 1965 speech to Howard University, Lyndon Johnson provided thisargument for affirmative action programs to address institutionalracism: We seek not just freedom but opportunity not just legalequity but human ability not just equality as a right and a theory butequality as a fact and as a result (Smith 160). Institutional racismis embedded in our society and will be most difficult to extricatebecause it involves a forfeiture of privilege. But the stakes are highand the consequences of inaction seem to be severe. Freedom is only thefirst step towards the establishment of true equality. Works CitedOkhiro, Gary. The Victimization of Asians In America. The World AndI.April 1993, pp. 397-413Racism In The United States Course Packet. Growth of the EnglishIdeology of Race In America, ; Ringer, John We The People And Others ;The Heathen Chinee, And American Technology; Puerto Rico As AnUnincorporated Territory: The Early Years And The Struggle OverAmerican Citizenship. Smith, Robert. Racism In The Post Civil Rights Era. SUNY Press. Albany1995. Social Issues